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原著論文

    2024年

  1. Sakuto Yamanaka, Mari Kawaguchi, Shigeki Yasumasu, Kenji Sato, Masato Kinoshita. (2023) Effect of light and water agitation on hatching processes in clown anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris. BioRxiv.
    DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.14.580270
  2. 2023年

  3. Mari Kawaguchi, Wen-Shan Chang, Hazuki Tsuchiya, Nana Kinoshita, Akira Miyaji, Ryouka Kawahara-Miki, Kenji Tomita, Atsushi Sogabe, Makiko Yorifuji, Tomohiro Kono, Toyoji Kaneko and Shigeki Yasumasu. (2023) Orphan gene expressed in flame cone cells uniquely found in seahorse epithelium. Cell and Tissue Research, 393: 47-62.
    DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03779-1
  4. Yuko Nakano, Tatsuki Nagasawa, Yohei Okazawa, Naoya Mashiko, Shigeki Yasumasu, Mari Kawaguchi. (2023) Molecular evolution of patristacin genes in teleosts based on the genome survey. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 1-10.
    DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23195
  5. Christian Nanga Chick, Yusuke Sasaki, Mari Kawaguchi, Eri Tanaka, Takako Niikura, Toyonobu Usuki. (2023) LC-MS/MS quantitation of elastin crosslinker desmosines and histological analysis of skin aging characteristics in mice. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 90: 117351.
    DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117351
  6. Masahiro Sano, Hikaru Iwashita, Chihiro Suzuki, Mari Kawaguchi, and Atsuhiko Chiba. (2023) Effects of melatonin on phosphorylation of memory-related proteins in the hippocampus and the perirhinal cortex in male mice. NeuroReport, 34: 457-462.
    DOI: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000001911
  7. Hikaru Iwashita, Masahiro Sano, Mari Kawaguchi, and Atsuhiko Chiba. (2023) N-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine enhance object location and working memory performances via modulating CaMKII, ERK and CREB phosphorylation. NeuroReport, 34: 299-307.
    DOI: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000001893
  8. Christian Nanga Chick, Tomoo Inoue, Natsuki Mori, Eri Tanaka, Mari Kawaguchi, Toshiyuki Takahashi, Junya Hanakita, Manabu Minami, Ryo Kanematsu, and Toyonobu Usuki. (2023) LC-MS/MS analysis of elastin crosslinker desmosines and microscopic evaluation in clinical samples of patients with hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 82: 117216.
    DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117216
  9. 2022年

  10. Satoshi Horikoshi, Miho Iwabuchi, Mari Kawaguchi, Shigeki Yasumasu, Nick Serpone. (2022) Uptake of nanoparticles from sunscreen physical filters into cells arising from increased environmental microwave radiation: increased potential risk of the use of sunscreens to human health. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 21: 1819-1831.
    DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00259-3
  11. Akari Harada, Ryotaro Shiota, Ryohei Okubo, Makiko Yorifuji, Atsushi Sogabe, Hiroyuki, Motomura, Junya Hiroi, Shigeki Yasumasu, and Mari Kawaguchi. (2022) Brood pouch evolution in pipefish and seahorse based on histological observation. Placenta, 120: 88-96.
    DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.02.014
  12. Kaori Sano, Sho Shimada, Hideki Mibu, Mizuki Taguchi, Takasumi Ohsawa, Mari Kawaguchi, and Shigeki Yasumasu. (2022) Lineage-specific evolution of zona pellucida genes in fish. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 338: 181-191.
    DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23122
  13. Tatsuki Nagasawa, Mari Kawaguchi, Kohki Nishi, Shigeki Yasumasu. (2022) Molecular evolution of hatching enzymes and their paralogous genes in vertebrates. BMC Ecology and Evolution, 22: 9.
    DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-01966-2
  14. 2021年

  15. Huixian Zhang, Bo Zhang, Mari Kawaguchi, and Qiang Lin. (2021) Effects of hatching enzymes on egg envelope digestion in the male-brooding seahorse. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 88: 459-470.
    DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23474
  16. Mari Kawaguchi, Yohei Okazawa, Aiko Imafuku, Yuko Nakano, Risa Shimizu, Reiji Ishizuka, Tianlong Jiang, Tatsuki Nagasawa, Junya Hiroi, and Shigeki Yasumasu. (2021) Pactacin is a novel digestive enzyme in teleosts. Scientific Reports, 11: 7230.
    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86565-9
  17. Romain Feron, Qiaowei Pan, Ming Wen, Boudjema Imarazene, Elodie Jouanno, Jennifer Anderson, Amaury Herpin, Laurent Journot, Hugues Parrinello, Christophe Klopp, Verena A Kottler, Alvaro S Roco, Kang Du, Susanne Kneitz, Mateus Adolfi, Catherine A Wilson, Braedan McCluskey, Angel Amores, Thomas Desvignes, Frederick W Goetz, Ato Takanashi, Mari Kawaguchi, Harry William Detrich 3rd, Marcos A Oliveira, Rafael H N?brega, Takashi Sakamoto, Masatoshi Nakamoto, Anna Wargelius, ?rjan Karlsen, Zhongwei Wang, Matthias St?ck, Robert M Waterhouse, Ingo Braasch, John H Postlethwait, Manfred Schartl, Yann Guiguen. (2021) RADSex: A computational workflow to study sex determination using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing data. Molecular Ecology Resources, 21: 1715-1731.
    DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13360
  18. 2020年

  19. Yusuke Takehana, Margot Zahm, Cédric Cabau, Christophe Klopp, Céline Roques, Olivier Bouchez, Cécile Donnadieu, Celia Barrachina, Laurent Journot, Mari Kawaguchi, Shigeki Yasumasu, Satoshi Ansai, Kiyoshi Naruse, Koji Inoue, Chuya Shinzato, Manfred Schartl, Yann Guiguen and Amaury Herpin. (2020) Genome sequence of the euryhaline Javafish medaka, Oryzias javanicus: A small aquarium fish model for studies on adaptation to salinity. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics, 10: 907-915.
    DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400725
  20. Romain Feron, Qiaowei Pan, Ming Wen, Boudjema Imarazene, Elodie Jouanno, Jennifer Anderson, Amaury Herpin, Laurent Journot, Hugues Parrinello, Christophe Klopp, Verena A. Kottler, Alvaro S. Roco, Kang Du, Susanne Kneitz, Mateus Adolfi, Catherine A. Wilson, Braedan McCluskey, Angel Amores, Thomas Desvignes, Frederick W. Goetz, Ato Takanashi, Mari Kawaguchi, H. William Detrich III, Marcos Oliveira, Rafael Nobrega, Takashi Sakamoto, Masatoshi Nakamoto, Anna Wargelius, Orjan Karlsen, Zhongwei Wang, Matthias Stock, Robert M. Waterhouse, Ingo Braasch, John H. Postlethwait, Manfred Schartl, Yann Guiguen. RADSex: a computational workflow to study sex determination using Restriction Site-Associated DNA Sequencing data. BioRxiv.
    DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.22.054866
  21. 2019年

  22. Tatsuki Nagasawa, Mari Kawaguchi, Tohru Yano, Sho Isoyama, Shigeki Yasumasu, and Masataka Okabe. (2019) Translocation of promoter-conserved hatching enzyme genes with intron-loss provides a new insight in the role of retrocopy during teleostean evolution. Scientific Reports, 9: 2448.
    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38693-6
  23. Yusuke Takehana, Margot Zahm, Cédric Cabau, Christophe Klopp,Céline Roques, Olivier Bouchez, Cécile Donnadieu, Celia Barrachina, Laurent Journot, Mari Kawaguchi, Shigeki Yasumasu,Satoshi Ansai, Kiyoshi Naruse, Koji Inoue, Chuya Shinzato, Manfred Schartl, Yann Guiguen, and Amaury Herpin. (2019) Genome sequence of the euryhaline Javafish medaka, Oryzias javanicus: a small aquarium fish model for studies on adaptation to salinity. BioRxiv.
    DOI: 10.1101/593673
  24. Kaori Sano, Risa Yokoyama, Takako Kitano, Takeshi Takegaki, Nobumasa Kitazawa, Toyoji Kaneko, Yoshihide Nishino, Shigeki Yasumasu, and Mari Kawaguchi. (2019) Male parental assistance in embryo hatching of barred-chin blenny Rhabdoblennius nitidus. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 332: 81-91.
    DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22854
  25. Ganesh Acharya, Marisa Bartolomei, Anthony M. Carter, Larry Chamley, Charles F. Cotton, Junichi Hasegawa, Yuri Hasegawa, Satoshi Hayakawa, Mari Kawaguchi, Chaini Konwar, Shoichi Magawa, Kiyonori Miura, Hirotaka Nishi, Carlos Salomon, Keiichi Sato, Hidenobu Soejima, Hiroaki Soma, Anne Sørensen, Hironori Takahashi, Taketeru Tomita, Camilla M. Whittington, Victor Yuan, Perrie O'Tierney-Ginn (2019) IFPA meeting 2018 workshop report I: Reproduction and placentationamong ocean-living species; placental imaging; epigenetics and extracellularvesicles in pregnancy. Placenta, 84: 4-8.
    DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.02.003
  26. 2017年

  27. Mari Kawaguchi, Ryohei Okubo, Akari Harada, Kazuki Miyasaka, Kensuke Takada, Junya Hiroi, and Shigeki Yasumasu (2017) Morphology of brood pouch formation in the pot-bellied seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis. Zoological Letters, 3: 19.
    DOI: 10.1186/s40851-017-0080-9
  28. Kaori Sano, Mari Kawaguchi, Keita Katano, Kenji Tomita, Mayu Inokuchi, Tatsuki Nagasawa, Junya Hiroi, Toyoji Kaneko, Takashi Kitagawa, Takafumi Fujimoto, Katsutoshi Arai, Masaru Tanaka, and Shigeki Yasumasu, 2017. Comparison of Egg Envelope Thickness in Teleosts and its Relationship to the Sites of ZP Protein Synthesis. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 328: 240-258.
    DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22729
  29. 2016年

  30. Mari Kawaguchi, Yuko Nakano, Ryouka Kawahara-Miki, Mayu Inokuchi, Makiko Yorifuji, Ryohei Okubo, Tatsuki Nagasawa, Junya Hiroi, Tomohiro Kono, and Toyoji Kaneko, 2016. An evolutionary insight into the hatching strategies of pipefish and seahorse embryos. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 326: 125-135.
    DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22670
  31. Tatsuki Nagasawa, Mari Kawaguchi, Tohru Yano, Kaori Sano, Masataka Okabe, and Shigeki Yasumasu, 2016. Evolutionary changes in the developmental origin of hatching gland cells in basal ray-finned fishes. Zoological Science, 33: 272-281.
    DOI: 10.2108/zs150183
  32. Tatsuki Nagasawa, Kaori Sano, Mari Kawaguchi, Ken-ichiro Kobayashi, Shigeki Yasumasu and Tomofumi Inokuchi, 2015. Purification and molecular cloning of aspartic proteinases from the stomach of adult Japanese fire belly newts, Cynops pyrrhogaster. Journal of Biochemistry, 159: 449-460.
    DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv128
  33. Satoshi Horikoshi, Kota Nakamura, Mari Kawaguchi, Jiro Kondo, and Nick Serpone, 2016. Effect of microwave radiation on the activity of catalase. decomposition of hydrogen peroxide under microwave and conventional heating. RSC Advances, 6: 48237-48244.
    DOI: 10.1039/C6RA04532D
  34. 2015年

  35. Mari Kawaguchi, Kenji Tomita, Kaori Sano, and Toyoji Kaneko, 2015. Molecular events in adaptive evolution of the hatching strategy of ovoviviparous fishes. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 324: 41-50.
    DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22601
  36. Tatsuki Nagasawa, Mari Kawaguchi, Kaori Sano and Shigeki Yasumasu, 2015. Sturgeon hatching enzyme and the mechanism of egg envelope digestion: Insight into changes in the mechanism of egg envelope digestion during the evolution of ray-finned fish. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 324: 720-732.
    DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22660
  37. Satoshi Horikoshi, Taichiro Nakamura, Mari Kawaguchi, and Nick Serpone, 2015. Enzymatic proteolysis of peptide bonds by a metallo-endoproteinase under precise temperature control with 5.8-GHz microwave radiation. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 116: 52-59.
    DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.03.007
  38. 2014年

  39. Mari Kawaguchi, Kaori Sano, Norio Yoshizaki, Daisuke Shimizu, Yuichiro Fujinami, Tsutomu Noda, and Shigeki Yasumasu, 2014. Comparison of hatching mode in pelagic and demersal eggs of two closely related species in the order Pleuronectiformes. Zoological Science, 31: 709-715.
    DOI: 10.2108/zs140018
  40. Kaori Sano, Mari Kawaguchi, Satoshi Watanabe, and Shigeki Yasumasu, 2014. Neofunctionalization of a duplicate hatching enzyme gene during the evolution of teleost fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14:221.
    DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0221-0
  41. 2013年

  42. Mari Kawaguchi, Koji Inoue, Ichiro Iuchi, Mutsumi Nishida, and Shigeki Yasumasu, 2013. Molecular co-evolution of a protease and its substrate elucidated by analysis of the activity of predicted ancestral hatching enzyme. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13:231.
    DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-231
  43. Kaori Sano, Mari Kawaguchi, Satoshi Watanabe, Yoshitomo Nagakura, Takashi Hiraki, and Shigeki Yasumasu, 2013. Inferring the evolution of teleostean zp genes based on their sites of expression. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 320: 332-343.
    DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22507
  44. Mari Kawaguchi, Hiroshi Takahashi, Yusuke Takehana, Kiyoshi Naruse, Mutsumi Nishida, and Shigeki Yasumasu, 2013. Sub-functionalization of duplicated Genes in the evolution of nine-spined stickleback hatching enzyme. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 320: 140-150.
    DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22490
  45. Mari Kawaguchi, Shigeki Yasumasu, Akio Shimizu, Norio Kudo, Kaori Sano, Ichiro Iuchi, and Mutsumi Nishida, 2013. Adaptive evolution of fish hatching enzyme: One amino acid substitution results in differential salt dependency of the enzyme. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 216: 1609-1615.
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.069716
  46. 2012年

  47. Mari Kawaguchi, Sébastien Lavoué, Junya Hiroi, Hirofumi Hayano, Ichiro Iuchi, Shigeki Yasumasu, and Mutsumi Nishida, 2012. Remarkable consistency of exon-intron structure of hatching enzyme genes and molecular phylogenetic relationships of teleostean fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 94: 567-676.
    DOI: 10.1007/s10641-011-9920-1
  48. 2011年

  49. Kaori Sano, Mari Kawaguchi, Masayuki Yoshikawa, Toyoji Kaneko, Toshiomi Tanaka, Ichiro Iuchi and Shigeki Yasumasu, 2011. Hatching enzyme of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica and the possible evolution of the egg envelope digestion mechanism. FEBS Journal, 278: 3711-3723.
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08289.x
  50. 2010年

  51. Mari Kawaguchi, Shigeki Yasumasu, Akio Shimizu, Kaori Sano, Ichiro Iuchi and Mutsumi Nishida, 2010. Conservation of the egg envelope digestion mechanism of hatching enzyme in euteleostean fishes. FEBS Journal, 277: 4973-4987.
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07907.x
  52. Kaori Sano, Mari Kawaguchi, Masayuki Yoshikawa, Ichiro Iuchi and Shigeki Yasumasu, 2010. Evolution of the teleostean zona pellucida gene inferred from the egg envelope protein genes of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. FEBS Journal, 277: 4674-4684.
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07874.x
  53. Shigeki Yasumasu, Mari Kawaguchi, Satoshi Ouchi, Kaori Sano, Kenji Murata, Hitoshi Sugiyama, Tatsuo Akema, and Ichiro Iuchi, 2010. Mechanism of egg envelope digestion by hatching enzymes, HCE and LCE in medaka, Oryzias latipes. Journal of Biochemistry, 148: 439-448.
    DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq086
  54. Mari Kawaguchi, Junya Hiroi, Masaki Miya, Mutsumi Nishida, Ichiro Iuchi, and Shigeki Yasumasu, 2010. Intron-loss evolution of hatching enzyme genes in Teleostei. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10: 260.
    DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-260
  55. 2009年

  56. Mari Kawaguchi, Hideaki Fujita, Norio Yoshizaki, Junya Hiroi, Hiroyuki Okouchi, Yoshitomo Nagakura, Tsutomu Noda, Satoshi Watanabe, Satoshi Katayama, Shawichi Iwamuro, Mutsumi Nishida, Ichiro Iuchi and Shigeki Yasumasu, 2009. Different hatching strategies in embryos of two species, pacific herring Clupea pallasii and Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus, that belong to the same order Clupeiformes, and their environmental adaptation. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 312B: 95-107.
    DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21247
  57. 2008年

  58. Kaori Sano, Keiji Inohaya, Mari Kawaguchi, Norio Yoshizaki, Ichiro Iuchi and Shigeki Yasumasu, 2008. Purification and characterization of zebrafish hatching enzyme - an evolutionary aspect of the mechanism of egg envelope digestion. FEBS Journal, 275: 5934-5946.
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06722.x
  59. Mari Kawaguchi, Masahiro Nakagawa, Tsutomu Noda, Norio Yoshizaki, Junya Hiroi, Mutsumi Nishida, Ichiro Iuchi and Shigeki Yasumasu, 2008. Hatching enzyme of the ovoviviparous black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii - environmental adaptation of the hatching enzyme and evolutionary aspects of formation of the pseudogene. FEBS Journal, 275: 2884-2898.
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06427.x
  60. 2007年

  61. Mari Kawaguchi, Shigeki Yasumasu, Junya Hiroi, Kiyoshi Naruse, Tohru Suzuki and Ichiro Iuchi, 2007. Analysis of the exon-intron structures of fish, amphibian, bird and mammalian hatching enzyme genes, with special reference to the intron loss evolution of hatching enzyme genes in Teleostei, Gene, 392: 77-88.
    DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.11.012
  62. 2006年

  63. Mari Kawaguchi, Shigeki Yasumasu, Junya Hiroi, Kiyoshi Naruse, Masayuki Inoue and Ichiro Iuchi, 2006. Evolution of teleostean hatching enzyme genes and their paralogous genes. Development Genes and Evolution, 216: 769-784.
    DOI: 10.1007/s00427-006-0104-5
  64. 2005年

  65. Mari Kawaguchi, Shigeki Yasumasu, Akio Shimizu, Junya Hiroi, Norio Yoshizaki, Koji Nagata, Masaru Tanokura and Ichiro Iuchi, 2005. Purification and gene cloning of Fundulus heteroclitus hatching enzyme; A hatching enzyme system composed of high choriolytic enzyme and low choriolytic enzyme is conserved between two different teleosts, Fundulus heteroclitus and medaka Oryzias latipes. FEBS Journal, 272: 4315-4326.
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04845.x
  66. Toshio Shimizu, Mari Kawaguchi, Takahiro Tsuchiya, Kazunori Hirabayashi and Nobumasa Kamigata, 2005. Unsaturated selenacrown ethers: synthesis, structure, and formation of silver complexes. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 70(13): 5036-5044.
    DOI: 10.1021/jo0502807
  67. 2003年

  68. Toshio Shimizu, Mari Kawaguchi, Takahiro Tsuchiya, Kazunori Hirabayashi and Nobumasa Kamigata, 2003. Synthesis and structure of 15- and 18- membered unsaturated selenacrown ethers and their complexation with silver trifluoroacetate. Organic Letters, 5(9): 1443-1445.
    DOI: 10.1021/ol030014k

著書

  1. 川口眞理 (2018) 『魚類学の百科事典』8章「孵化」, 丸善, pp.398-399.
  2. 川口眞理 (2018) 『魚類学の百科事典』9章「孵化に関わる遺伝子」, 丸善, pp.462-463.
  3. Mari Kawaguchi and Keiichi Sato, 2018. Pregnancy and parturition: teleost fishes and elasmobranchs. In Michael K. Skinner (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Reproduction, Volume 6, pp. 436-442, Academic Press: Elsevier.
    DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.20590-6
  4. Shigeki Yasumasu and Mari Kawaguchi, 2013. Choriolysin H. In Neil D. Rawlings and Guy S. Salvesen, editors: Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes, Third Edition, Volume 1, Elsevier, pp.945-949.
    DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-382219-2.00195-2
  5. Shigeki Yasumasu and Mari Kawaguchi, 2013. Choriolysin L. In Neil D. Rawlings and Guy S. Salvesen, editors: Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes, Third Edition, Volume 1, Elsevier, pp.942-945.
    DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-382219-2.00194-0
  6. Shigeki Yasumasu, Kaori Sano, and Mari Kawaguchi, 2011. Molecular evolution of teleostean hatching enzymes and their egg envelope digestion mechanism: an aspect of co-evolution of protease and substrate. In Medaka: A Model for Organogenesis, Human Disease and Evolution. Springer. pp.365-378.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-92691-7_24

その他

  1. 川口眞理 (2018) 「図書紹介:タツノオトシゴ図鑑」魚類学雑誌, 65(2):217-217.
  2. 川口眞理 (2018) 連載企画「私の実験動物、個性派です!」への依頼原稿「究極のイクメン魚―タツノオトシゴ」 実験医学, vol.36, 604-608.
  3. 川口眞理 (2017) 「The 3rd Syngnathid Biology International Symposium参加記」魚類学雑誌, 64(2):240-241.
  4. 川口眞理(2007)「真骨魚類孵化酵素遺伝子の進化− 孵化酵素遺伝子の系統依存的イントロン消失進化と孵化酵素の環境適応−」 (Evolution of Hatching Enzyme Genes in Teleostei: Phylogeny-dependent intron-loss evolution of hatching enzyme genes and environmental adaptation of hatching enzyme)Sophia Life Science Bulletin. 26, 7-23.